MOLECULAR GENETIC ASPECTS OF MELANOMA PART 1. HEREDITARY SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES AND MAIN SIGNALING PATHWAYS ACTIVATED IN MELANOMA CELLS

Melanoma – the most dangerous malignant skin disease with a high risk of recurrence and metastasis. Molecular biological studies carried out in the last decade have dramatically changed our understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis melanocytes. This review examines how hereditary factors predisposing to melanoma (rare alleles of genes CDKN2A and CDK4, MITF and BAP1 mutation) and somatic genetic abnormalities involved in the carcinogenesis of melanoma. This mutation in the genes that cause hyperactivation of RAS-MAPK (BRAF, NRAS, MEK, NF1) and PI3K- (PTEN, AKT) signaling pathways and gene tyrosine KIT, ERBB4 kinase receptors that activate signal transduction in the cell. We also consider the role of cAMP and NF-κB in melanomageneziz.