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REGULATION AND METABOLIC ENGINEERING OF THE GENERAL PHENYLPROPANOID PATHWAY IN RESPONSE TO STRESS IN PLANTS

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29296/25877313-2023-05-01
Issue: 
5
Year: 
2023

O.B. Polivanova
Ph.D. (Biol.), Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (Moscow, Russia)
E-mail: polivanovaoks@gmail.com
M.Yu. Cherednichenko
Ph.D. (Biol.), Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (Moscow, Russia)

The diversity of plant secondary metabolites is based on the phenylpropanoid pathway. As part of its functioning, phenylalanine is exposed to enzymes that convert this amino acid into phenolic compounds. The initial steps are catalyzed by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), and 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase (4CL), which are part of the general phenylpropanoid pathway. The products of the general phenylpropanoid pathway are associated with the growth and development of plants, responses to the external stimuli, signaling and protective functions. The study of the bio-chemical and molecular bases of the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids is important, since their functioning underlies the understanding of the molecu-lar mechanisms of plant adaptation to external factors such as drought, salinity, lack of mineral nutrition components, and pathogens interaction. This review considers the relationship of the genes of the general phenylpropanoid pathway with the impact of pathogens and abiotic factors, as well as their genetic and metabolic engineering. PAL, C4H, and 4CH genes of many plant species usually represent genes families encoding several enzymes isoforms. Increased levels of expression correlate with increased production of phenylpropanoids, and enzymes activity varies with developmental stage, cell differentiation, and environmental exposure. Thus, PAL, C4H, and 4CH are one of the key enzymes involved in plant responses to stress. For example, PAL is involved in signaling in re-sponse to pathogens. It is also directly related to lignin biosynthesis, which strengthens cell walls and has antimicrobial activity. Genes of the general phenylpropanoid pathway often become objects of genetic and metabolic engineering. These manipulations can be aimed to increase the biosynthesis of flavonoids and other secondary metabolites, as well as to obtain genotypes that are resistant to biotic and abiotic factors.
Keywords: 
phenylpropanoid pathway
phenolics
metabolic engineering.
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