Нажмите на эту строку чтобы перейти к Новостям сайта "Русский врач"

Перейти
на сайт
журнала
"Врач"
Перейти на сайт журнала "Медицинская сестра"
Перейти на сайт журнала "Фармация"
Перейти на сайт журнала "Молекулярная медицина"
Перейти на сайт журнала "Вопросы биологической, медицинской и фармацевтической химии"
Журнал включен в российские и международные библиотечные и реферативные базы данных

ВАК (Россия)
РИНЦ (Россия)
Эко-Вектор (Россия)

VITAMIN A AND ITS STATUS IN VEGETARIANS AND VEGANS

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29296/25877313-2021-03-06
Download full text PDF
Issue: 
3
Year: 
2021

A.V. Galchenko Assistant at the Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (Moscow, Russia) ORCID: 0000-0001-7286-5044 E-mail: gav.jina@gmail.com R. Ranjit Resident at the Department of Oncology and Radiology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (Moscow, Russia) ORCID: 0000-0002-4255-4197 E-mail: rajesh.ranjit@mail.ru

Vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble micronutrient. It is necessary for the normal functioning of epithelial tissues, replication of genetic materials, per-ception of light or for smoothly running the immune system. Provitamins A (carotenoids) are powerful antioxidants. They can also be precursors for not only retinol but also for the most active forms of vitamin A - retinal and retinoic acid. However, the reverse transformation doesn`t take place, it is im-possible to endogenously obtain carotenoids from retinol or its oxidized forms. The efficiency of converting carotenoids to retinol depends mainly on two factors. The first one is the type of carotenoid. β-carotene is converted to vitamin A twice as efficiently as other carotenoids, and the second factor is the bioavailability of the provitamin A. As fat-soluble substances, carote-noids are better absorbed in the presence of enough fats. Vitamin A deficiency is associated with the malfunction of visual system as a result of xerophthalmia or night blindness. In addition, the lack of vita-min A can cause deterioration of the skin and mucous membranes and may lead to a high infant mortality rate. At the same time, hypervitaminosis A is a serious teratogenic factor. An insufficient supply of carotenoids impairs the antioxidant defence mechanism of the body, which increases the risks of oxidative damage of cellular structures, and probably leads to cancerous diseases. Vitamin A is not synthesized by plants. Herbivorous and fruit-eating animals synthesize it from carotenoids obtained from plant foods but carnivores have almost lost this ability. Thus, only animal tissues are sources of vitamin A for them. As a result, vegetarians consume substantially less vitamin A than omnivores, and vegans don’t consume vitamin A at all. However, they get much more carotenoids from their diet, and as a result, the total intake of retinol equivalent does not differ much among the groups. Serum β-carotene concentrations are generally higher in vegans. However, there is a disparity regarding the level of retinol. Thus, there is little evidence to date to conclude that any of the three groups has an increased risk of vitamin A deficiency compared to the others.
Keywords: 
retinol
retinal
retinoic acid
carotenoids
β-carotene
vegetarianism
veganism

It appears your Web browser is not configured to display PDF files. Download adobe Acrobat или click here to download the PDF file.

References: 
  1. Damodaran S., Parkin K.L., Fennema O.R. Fennema’s food chem-istry. 4th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2008. 1144 p.
  2. Moise A.R., Noy N., Palczewski K., Blaner W.S. Delivery of Retin-oid-Based Therapies To Target Tissues. Biochemistry. 2007;46(15):4449–58.
  3. Schweigert F.J., Raila J., Wichert B., Kienzle E. Cats absorb β-carotene, but it is not converted to vitamin A. J Nutr. 2002;132(6 SUPPL. 1):1610S-1612S.
  4. Gilbert C. What is vitamin A and why do we need it? Community Eye Heal. 2013;26(84):65–65.
  5. Lapik I.A., Galchenko A.V., Gapparova K.M. Micronutrient status in obese patients: A narrative review. Obes Med. 2020;18:100224.
  6. Dawson M. The Importance of Vitamin A in Nutrition. Curr Pharm Des. 2000;6(3):311–25.
  7. Verhagen H., Buijsse B., Jansen E., Bueno-de-Mesquita B. The State of Antioxidant Affairs. Nutr Today. 2006;41(6):244–50.
  8. Lobo V., Patil A., Phatak A., Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4(8):118–26.
  9. D’Autréaux B., Toledano M.B. ROS as signalling molecules: mech-anisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8(10):813–24.
  10. Fiedor J., Burda K. Potential role of carotenoids as anti-oxidants in human health and disease. Nutrients. 2014;6(2):466–88.
  11. Grune T., Lietz G., Palou A., Ross A.C., Stahl W., Tang G., Thurnham D., Yin S., Biesalski H.K. β-Carotene Is an Important Vitamin A Source for Humans. J Nutr. 2010;140(12):2268S-2285S.
  12. Elmadfa I., Meyer A.L. The Role of the Status of Selected Micronu-trients in Shaping the Immune Function. Endocrine, Metab Immune Disord - Drug Targets. 2019;19(8):1100–15.
  13. Sanchez L.N.A., Salini B., Somani A.N. Physiology, Vision. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
  14. Su M., Alonso S., Jones J.W., Yu J., Kane M.A., Jones R.J., Ghiaur G. All-trans retinoic acid activity in acute myeloid leukemia: Role of cytochrome P450 enzyme expression by the microenvironment. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0127790.
  15. Wolbach S.B., Howe P.R. Tissue changes following deprivation of fat-soluble a vitamin. J Exp Med. 1925;42(6):753–77.
  16. McLaren D.S. Vitamin A deficiency disorders. J Indian Med As-soc. 1999;97(8):320–3.
  17. Siddiqi N.J., Sharma B., Alhomida A.S. A study on distribution of different hydroxyproline fractions in the bovine ocular tissues. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001;217(1–2):67–71.
  18. Kraemer K., Gilbert C. Do vitamin A deficiency and un-dernutrition still matter? Community eye Heal. 2013;26(84):
  19. 61–3.
  20. Klaassen I., Braakhuis B.J.M. Anticancer activity and mechanism of action of retinoids in oral and pharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncology. 2002;38(6):532–42.
  21. Institute of Medicine (US)  Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Ref-erence Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromi-um, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Sili-con, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. 773 p.
  22. Parker R.S., Swanson J.E., You C.-S., Edwards A.J., Huang T. Bi-oavailability of carotenoids in human subjects. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(1):155–62.
  23. Tzimas G., Nau H. The Role of Metabolism and Toxicokinetics in Retinoid Teratogenesis. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;7(9):803–31.
  24. Chagas M.H. de C., Flores H., Campos F. de A.C., Santana R.A., Lins E.C.B. Vitamin A teratogenicity. Brazilian J Mother Child Heal. 2003;3(3):247–52.
  25. Rodriguez-Amaya D.B. Latin American food sources
  26. of carotenoids. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1999;49(3 Suppl 1):
  27. 74S-84S.
  28. Burri B.J., Chang J.S.T., Neidlinger T.R. βcryptoxanthin- and α-carotene-rich foods have greater apparent bioavailability than βcaro-tene-rich foods in Western diets. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(2):212–9.
  29. Green A.S., Fascetti A.J. Meeting the Vitamin A Requirement: The Efficacy and Importance of β -Carotene in Animal Species. Sci World J. 2016;2016:1–22.
  30. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2019.
  31. Tutelyan V. Chemical contents and caloric values of russian foods. 2nd ed. Moscow: DeLi plus; 2012. 284 p. (in Russian).
  32. Federal Register. Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. 2016.
  33. Elorinne A.L., Alfthan G., Erlund I., Kivimäki H., Paju A., Salminen I., Turpeinen U., Voutilainen S., Laakso J. Food and nu-trient intake and nutritional status of Finnish vegans and non-vegetarians. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148235.
  34. Janelle K.C., Barr S.I. Nutrient Intakes and Eating Behavior see of Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95(2):180–9.
  35. Larsson C.L., Johansson G.K. Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):100–6.
  36. Li D., Sinclair A.J., Mann N.J., Turner A., Ball M.J. Selected mi-cronutrient intake and status in men with differing meat intakes, vegetarians and vegans. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):18–23.
  37. Davey G.K., Spencer E.A., Appleby P.N., Allen N.E., Knox K.H., Key T.J. EPIC–Oxford:lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6(3):259–68.
  38. Gorbachev D.O., Sazonova O.V, Gilmiyarova F.N., Gusyakova O.A., Myakisheva Y.U.V., Beketova N.A., Kodentsova V.M., Vrzhesinskaya O.A., Gorbacheva I.V., Gavryushin M.Y.U. Charac-teristics of the nutritional status of vegetarians. Profil Meditsina. 2018;21(3):51–6 (in Russian).
  39. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M., Šimončič R., Béderová A., Klvanová J., Brtková A., Grančičová E. Lipid and antioxidant blood levels in vegetarians. Nahrung - Food. 1996;40(1):
  40. 17–20.
  41. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M., Simonic R., Babinska K., Bederova A., Brtkova A., Magalova T., Grancicova E. Selected vitamins and trace elements in blood of vegetarians. Ann Nutr Metab. 1995;39(6):334–9.
  42. Kažimírová A., Barančoková M., Krajčovičová-Kudláčková M., Volkovová K., Staruchová M., Valachovičová M., Pauková V., Blažíček P., Wsólová L., Dušinská M. The relationship between mi-cronuclei in human lymphocytes and selected micronutrients in veg-etarians and non-vegetarians. Mutat Res - Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2006;611(1–2):64–70.
  43. Schüpbach R., Wegmüller R., Berguerand C., Bui M., Herter-Aeberli I. Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):283–93.
  44. Millet P., Guilland J.C., Fuchs F., Klepping J. Nutrient intake and vitamin status of healthy French vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;50(4):718–27.